Business logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business coordinations - Essay Example Zara’s commitment to the European style advertise deals represent an amazing 66% of Inditex’ all out 9002 Million Euro, of which net benefit was 1002 Million Euro.â 1.1 THE EXISTING PROCESS AND LOGISTICS OF ZARA A group of originators in Zara is accused of the duty of spotting rising patterns because of shopper requests. Important criticism from purchasers is gotten from Store Managers too. The data gathered by them on structure, standpoint and request is transmitted through a remote system. These sources of info are utilized by the structure Management group to build up the most recent items for Zara, (Sull, and Turconi, 2008). ... The entire procedure of structure and cutting takes around 10 days. After the models are delivered, they experience a choice procedure wherein the administration chooses which of them will go into business creation. This choice is made based on an exceptional calculation and the conditions and requests in the market. For the most part just about 40% of the models become business items for clients. They are then come back to the assembling communities to enter the creation chain, checked for quality control, and packaging, (Sullivan, 2005). The prepared material is moved to the robotized conveyance focus in Arteixo, which is the primary Distribution Center with no storeroom. Coordinations models help the administration in surveying the quantity of groups that ought to be conveyed to the stores two times every week through shipments, which ensures that the stores are not over-burden and are conveyed according to their requests. An armada of trucks connect with places with for the t ime being separations and contracted load flights are utilized for bigger separations. The organization crushed its delivery models and chose to go with air freight, so flights can compose outbound transfer of all organization items with return venture stacked with crude materials and half-completed items, (Burt, Dawson, and Larke, 2003). Fig1: Complete Operations chain of Zara Fashions  Fig2: Outline of activities at Zara SECTION 2â This area presents theâ advantagesâ / disadvantages, SWOT, PEST investigation of Zara and assessment of current tasks and coordinations at Zara.â 2.1 Strategic Advantages Being unique in relation to conventional retails, its doesn't re-appropriates itsâ operationsâ or items

Competitive Strategy Business Model Strategy

Question: Examine about theCompetitive Strategyfor Business Model Strategy. Answer: Plan of action Innovation Plan of action advancement is the procedure of the improvement of extraordinary and new ideas that underpins the monetary feasibility of an association. It additionally incorporates the way toward changing over those thoughts into fulfillment alongside its strategic. The prime objective of the development is the acknowledgment of the wellsprings of new income by the improvement of item esteem and the conveyance of the item to its clients (Massa and Tucci 2013). With the movement of the advanced age, plan of action development has developed as the innovation that has changed significantly the procedure of conveyance and activity of administrations to the clients. A few Australian associations are experiencing a plan of action change as a major aspect of development that has altogether expanded their income age capacities (Amit and Zott 2012). From the e-learning material, the key thoughts that have been removed comprise of advancement, upper hand, impediment and product and the proced ure of the use of development incorporates commencement, ideation, joining and usage. McDonalds Australia (MDA) is an open organization in Australia that is unlisted and 66% of its business is worked and claimed by franchisee business in the nation. The organization serves more than one million clients ordinary and in this way, it is the need of the organization to keep up the trustworthiness and trust. The corporate qualities and vision of the association are client based that has developed the organization in more than 118 nations with a sum of in excess of 34,000 cafés that serves in excess of 50 million individuals regular all around (Kane et al. 2015). MDA contributes about 0.2% to the GDP of Australia by serving 1.7 million Australian clients day by day over its 869 eateries all through the nation (Nadolny and Ryan 2015). The current plan of action of the organization depends on its offer of conveying food of predictable quality to its clients that are likewise served rapidly. The focused on client portions of the organization incorporate the youths, families, business and older individuals. Its establishment holders are its primary vital accomplices that conceal to 80% of its cafés and follow a three-legged stool of MDA, franchisees and providers (Emerson and Prang 2015). Selling and promoting of its drinks and food are the key exercises of the business with its distinct advantages being its cafés and the workers. The client relationship movement is an online action on the client favored gadget. The cost structure incorporates the showcasing costs, crude materials obtainment, cafés and the representative advances and the age of income happens from the eateries that are possessed by the franchisee holders and the organization itself. MDA can experience plan of action advancement to additionally build its business, produce more prominent income and improve consumer loyalty. The organization can construct a solid association with the providers for making shared market esteems and reasonable turn of events. Plan of action Strategy Plan of action procedure is the procedure by which the business accomplishes the ideal targets with a drawn out arranging. The prime asset issues of business procedure are worried about the extent of the exercises of the business, money related contemplations and designation of the assets. Development and globalization are the results of the fitting execution of creative plan of action procedure which will be additionally talked about for MDA as its advanced system. Advancement can be achieved in the plan of action of MDA by the utilization of imaginative computerized procedure. By and by, the organization does not have an advanced all encompassing methodology that misses the part of the client excursion and administration out of the eatery (Mohapatra and Singh 2012). This can definitely improve the client experience by making the food conveyed to the clients spot and increment the client commitment in structuring the versatile application that has more noteworthy client customizatio n as indicated by their inclinations. The computerized technique will likewise improve the in-eatery encounters that will likewise make them avoid the lines and modify their food from their vehicles. Drive-ins can likewise be encouraged to build the in-vehicle experience of the clients alongside the food anyplace procedure that will empower the conveyance of the food from the eateries to clearly anyplace as indicated by the client prerequisites. This can give an imaginative makeover to the biggest café network on the planet by making it carefully disapproved. These developments can take the eatery and its clients to the following degree of food conveyance and provenance with constant flexibly chain for the food favored by the client. These developments can give expanded upper hand to the business over its rivals dependent on the methodologies of center, separation and cost authority. This plan of action development of MDA will make its items and administrations unique in relation t o its rivals and can cause its clients to have faith in a similar idea with expanded openness to the products of food and refreshments. The negative deals of not many of the outlets can have a turnaround with the menu rearrangements and its locally applicable aspect (Weber and Prodromou 2015). Despite the fact that this plan of action development has a few points of interest, it has the restriction in its application on the franchisee level. Since lion's share of the matter of MDA depends on franchisee outlets, proper execution of the idea may not be conceivable in each outlet overseen by the franchisee holders. Moreover, the versatile technique may confront the dangers of online dangers that can possibly hit the business as the clients would decide to quit the computerized buy framework (Coursaris et al. 2014). In spite of the fact that the technique intends to evacuate the physical limits of time or place and empower the clients to remain associated and place orders, it may miss t he friendly sentiments of the eatery that the clients are given by the staff individuals. In any case, with the plan of action advancement of computerized methodology, the organization should point the nearby clients and rebuild its neighborhood stores to produce most extreme income out of its wares at each degree of its business. Execution of the plan of action advancement of computerized procedure will follow the means of commencement, ideation, mix and usage. The commencement step will permit MDA to dissect the current plan of action and recognize the potential provisos. The requirement for the advanced system will be surfaced in this progression and with the focusing of the clients and what the organization will offer them with the computerized technique. This progression is additionally significant as it will talk about the offer and the age of income. In the ideation step, the advanced procedure plan of action will be contrasted and the other conceivable plans of action and se t up the reasonableness of the proposed plan of action development of computerized technique (Tomlins 2014). This correlation will empower MDA to altogether analyze the proposed plan of action and recognize the impediments of the advancement. Matches are attempted to discover between the advanced technique of MDA and the computerized methodology embraced by different associations of comparable limit and business. The fundamental presumptions are tested alongside the predominant rationale of the computerized system as an imaginative model. The reconciliation step will explore the plan of action consistency and look at the parts of authoritative fit to decide how the imaginative advanced procedure will fit into the business strategies of MDA. The last advance is where the plan of action will be completely changed. A plan of action is planned in iterative cycles where a pilot model for the utilization of the computerized system will be assembled and tried with subjective and quantitati ve information and on progress, the structure stage will be viewed as where the usage outline will be structured (Grant 2016). The presumptions are affirmed with the yield of the new plan of action and the delicate elements of advancement are additionally considered in this progression of computerized usage. The advanced methodology of MDA is focused for the up and coming age of clients with its comprehensive methodology of going past the TV advertisements to draw in its clients at each progression from social and portable to promoting. A consistent biological system will be framed by firmly coordinating the advanced stages with the remainder of the association. New applications will be created to advertise the new administrations and results of MDA and taking them to the market with a tremendous chance to build its income and benefit upper hand of the versatile stage. References Amit, R. what's more, Zott, C., 2012. Making an incentive through plan of action innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), p.41. Coursaris, C.K., van Osch, W., Balogh, B.A. what's more, Quilliam, E.T., 2014. Web based life Marketing: Investigating Empirical Links Between Purchase Involvement, Strategy, Content, And. Emerson, L. what's more, Prang, Y., 2015. Remuneration and Benefits: Company-Provided Benefits at McDonalds. Award, R.M., 2016.Contemporary procedure examination: Text and cases release. John Wiley Sons. Kane, G.C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A.N. also, Kiron, D., 2015. Is Your Business Ready for a Digital Future?.MIT Sloan Management Review,56(4), p.37. Massa, L. also, Tucci, C.L., 2013. Plan of action innovation.The Oxford Handbook of Innovafion Management, pp.420-441. Mohapatra, S. also, Singh, R.P., 2012. IT Strategy for McDonalds. InInformation Strategy Design and Practices(pp. 299-318). Springer US. Nadolny, A. also, Ryan, S., 2015. McUniversities returned to: an examination of college and McDonald's easygoing worker encounters in Australia.Studies in Higher Education,40(1), pp.142-157. Tomlins, C.T., 2014.What's Your Busin

Blog Archive MBA News Chicago Booth Releases 2009-2010 Essay Questions

Blog Archive MBA News Chicago Booth Releases 2009-2010 Essay Questions Chicago Booth has released its 2009-2010 application essays. Our analysis will follow shortly. 1. How did you choose your most recent job/internship and how did this experience influence your future goals? What about the Chicago Booth MBA makes you feel it is the next best step in your career at this time? (750-1,000 words) 1a. FOR REAPPLICANTS ONLY: Upon reflection, how has your thinking regarding your future, Chicago Booth, and/or getting an MBA changed since the time of your last application? (250 words) 2. Please choose one of the following (500-750 words): Describe a time when you wish you could have retracted something you said or did. When did you realize your mistake and how did you handle the situation? -or- Describe a time when you were surprised by feedback that you received. What was the feedback and why were you surprised? Slide Presentation We have asked for a great deal of information throughout this application and now invite you to tell us about yourself. In four slides or less please answer the following question: What have you not already shared in your application that you would like your future classmates to know about you? We have set forth the following guidelines for you to consider when creating your presentation. The content is completely up to you. There is no right or wrong approach to this essay. Feel free to use the software you are most comfortable with. Acceptable formats for upload in the online application system are PowerPoint or PDF. There is a strict maximum of four (4) slides, though you can provide fewer than  four if you choose.   Slides will be printed and added to your file for review; therefore, flash, hyperlinks, embedded videos, music, etc. will not be viewed by the committee. You are limited to text and static images to convey your points. Color may be used. Slides will be evaluated on the quality of content and ability to convey your ideas, not on technical expertise or presentation. You are welcome to attach a document containing notes if you feel a deeper explanation of your slides is necessary. However, the hope is the slide is able to stand alone and convey your ideas clearly. You will not be penalized for adding notes, but you should not construct a slide with the intention of using the notes section as a consistent means of explanation. Optional Essay If there is any important information that is relevant for your candidacy that you were unable to address elsewhere in the application, please share that information here. Share ThisTweet Blogroll News University of Chicago (Booth)

Database Design - 1119 Words

Database Design Scenario Currently a school uses a non-computerised database system to store the following information about its students: roll class, surname, first name, guardian s name, address, student s date of birth, gender, sport house, emergency-contact telephone number, mailing name, list of subjects offered, and subjects in which the student is enrolled. The system takes up a large amount of space, has many duplicated entries some of these with mistakes and it is time consuming to search. The school intends to introduce a relational-database management system to overcome these problems. Current school data storage and retrieval system (the pre-computer database system) „h School staff, teachers and office staff†¦show more content†¦The system is made up of two parts, the database management system and the database. A database management system (DBMS) is the software that builds, maintains and provides access to a database. It also provides data dictionary facilities, file protection and security against unauthorised use. Relational database management systems include software packages such as Microsoft Access. These packages provide the frame work to allow the tables to be developed and linked. A database is defined as an organised collection of data items which may be accessed by a database management system. The database may consist of several linked files. The school database will consist of a number of tables that hold information on students and related material. The information to be stored on students; roll class, surname, first name, guardian s name, address, student s date of birth, gender, sport house, emergency-contact telephone number, mailing name, list of subjects offered, and subjects in which the student is enrolled will be held in the following tables: „h roll class „h sports house „h students „h subjects enrolled „h subjects offered „h contact details The diagram below shows a schema for this database using the tables outlined above. A schema is defined as An organised plan of the entire database showing how and where the data is to be found, descriptions of the data, and their logical relationships. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Development And Design Of A Database1429 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT The use of agile in database development has grown over the years with the goal of improving the quality of the final product. This, however, has not always been the case. 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Depending on the test result patient get new or traditional drug and the treatment lasts about 18Read MoreDatabase Design, Implementation, and Management2233 Words   |  9 PagesABSTRACT Database Design, Implementation, and Management — Gymnasium Database System As the world entering into a digital era, most of organizations use different kinds of database environment to achieve efficient management. A suitable database management system provides a set of tools for an organization to efficiently track and manage its data. The development of a database follows a database application lifecycle. It is a rather long process and requires a considerable

Leadership Styles Of Leadership Skills Essay - 1052 Words

During the course of Tiger Leadership we learned about different leadership styles. We also learned what it take to be a leader within our communities, work force, and organizations. It takes a lot to be a leader. The one thing that we learned is that leadership is learned and not born into it. Every leader has the potential to improve their leadership style to benefit everyone else. When someone goes out of their way to make sure the job gets done and has compassion for their fellow team member then they have the makings to become a great leader. In cohort III we applied the leadership skills we learned in the past cohorts to our organizations to help us become a leader within our organizations. On top of that we also learned about what can build up or break down team work. Cohort III was also about learning the challenges that came with gender stereotypes in the work force that many of us will have to face. We were given the challenge to find someone who we believed was a leader in the community. At first it was hard to choose someone as there are many great leaders in our community. However, one women did come to mind. University of Memphis own Dr. Stephanie Ivey. I meet Dr. Ivey the summer before my senior year of high school. I signed up for a week long summer program at the University of Memphis called Girls Experiencing Engineering. She was very compassionate about this programing and encouraging girls that there is more out there that they can do. I really enjoyedShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles And Leadership Skills1256 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to our textbook, â€Å"leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes† (Daft, 2014, pg. 5). 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The Meaning of the Word Favorite Essay Example

Essays on The Meaning of the Word Favorite Essay The paper "The Meaning of the Word Favorite" is an excellent example of an essay on humanitarian. When I hear the word favorite, I get aware of my surrounding that very instant. Personally, favorite means more of something, if I was given a choice, I would prefer over the rest present. My childhood memories are made viable when I hear the word favorite. I get so anxious since it reminds me of things I love most of my life. It is imperative to note that what is deemed as favorite to someone is in-born within him/her.   One of my childhood memories that become prevalent when I hear the word favorite is the color blue. I personally adore the color blue. To me, blue serves as the color which represents humility and tranquility. On the breath, I vividly remember an incident that occurred when I was a child when my mom bought me a yellow dress as a Christmas gift instead of a blue dress. I despise bright colors. To show my dissatisfaction, I cried the whole day. It was obvious that my mom expected me to wear the yellow dress on Christmas day and so I had to play along and pretend to like the dress. All along, I did this while suffering deep down with the main objective of not upsetting my mom who went the extra mile to purchase the dress off her savings.When I grew up, I reminded my mom of the very incident of the yellow dress and she smiled without commenting. She then advised me later on that what she did was worthy given she had parental instincts. She shunned me off and told me that when I have my o wn kid I would understand what really happened on that fateful day.Evidently, there is a sense of dissatisfaction felt that occurs when that which is deemed favorite to someone is excluded from the equation. To feel relaxed and happy, one should take into consideration whatever serves as a favorite to him or her.

Performance Management for Coaching and Developing - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePerformance Management for Coaching and Developing. Answer: Introduction Performance management is of utmost importance for every organization. It helps in different aspects like goal setting and revising, management and coaching, developing and planning rewards and recognition. All these factors are of utmost importance for the overall performance of all the employees. Moreover, it has to be noted that all these factors can only be dealt with properly if the performance of the employees can be fairly promoted and evaluated. In order to do this, he eight fatal flaws if the performance management has to be identified and removed so that the performance of the employees can be boosted up (Chandler 2016). There are eight main flaws or errors existing within an organization that are responsible for the poor performance of the employees. However it must be noted that often the business organizations ate unable to recognize these flaws that already exist within the organization for a long period of time. As a result of this ignorance, the companies often put forward several efforts that go in vain and are often responsible for misleading the efforts that are put forward by the companies for improving the performance of the employees (Pulakos et al 2015). Hence efforts are to be made by the companies to locate these errors or the eight fatal flaws that are existing within their working environment and find out several methods of dealing with these eight fatal flaws. Research There are eight fatal flaws that have been identified by performance management consultant Chandler. These eight fatal flaws are the result of the age old traditional performance management process that is existing within the company. The traditional procedure of the performance management style has developed since the 1950s and has been incorporated within the company since then. This has created a major gap because the working pattern of the employees has undergone several changes over all these years and this was never reflected in the age old traditional performance ideas. So, there was a gap that was created between the age old traditional performance idea and the modern framework of the performance management ideas. It is due to this disconnection or the gap that there were many flaws created in the performance management ideas. These eight fatal flaws have had serious effects on the overall performance of the employees. Discussions The eight fatal flaws of performance management are A theory without evidence is a bad theory It is just a commonly believed theory that the traditional performance ideas will improve the performance of the employees but this however is not backed by any strong evidence. Hence, it is a vague theory (Pulakos et al 2015). There are companies who are every orthodox in nature and are never ready to accept any new changes (Seuring and Gold 2013). However sticking to these old theories only destroy the performance management as a whole rather than developing it. Eye poking The employees will never be able to render their honest feedbacks and their opinions if the managers constantly keep on interfering. Managers are mostly of the belief that they must always judge their employees in order to improve them (Van et al 2015). However, this constant judging often has a very harmful impact on the performance management. This will never allow the employees to open up easily. They will always be under the fear of being judged. No remembrance of the good work The traditional performance management ideas mainly talk about and criticize the weaknesses or the failure of the employees rather than appreciating the strength. Managers usually find it difficult to remember the good work of the employees but they never fail to remember the bad performances. This is common human instinct (Chandler 2016). However the Employees often feel very de motivated if they get good ratings and are appreciated in the beginning of the year but are resent at the end due to slight errors. If the managers focus only on the past and o on the future development scope of the employees, the performance management will definitely be at stake. No man or woman is an island The performance management mainly focuses on the individual performance of the employees and not the working environment which actually has a major influence on the performance of the employees (Chandler 2016). The traditional performance idea mainly emphasizes on the individual efforts including the improvement and specially the weaknesses rather than emphasizing on the influence of the work ambience as a whole. This must be remembered that the work environment is largely in influential on the way the employees perform. No one is a machine The managers often have a habit of imposing too much pressure on the employees. The employees are constantly asked on improve and attain accuracy. However it must be known to the company that the employees are not machines they are human beings and as a result of this, it is very natural for them to have several biasness or inaccuracy. Hence, the managing committee must address to this (Chandler 2016). The employees are not machines This must be remembered that since the employees are not machines, so they must not depend on any non scientific performance appraisals like succession planning, development goal. Often the important business decisions are made based on the biased employee performance data. Competition It is often seen that the company makes a rule of com paring the employees with one another, because they believe that this will improve the potential of the employees and they will work with their full potential. However, this naturally creates several risks among the employees. This will make it impossible for them to work together as a team (Dumay 2014). Pavlovs Dog The traditional performance management ideas believe that the employees will be motivated to work hard only if there are extrinsic motivators (Chandler 2016). However the modern research method says that rather than following the method of rewarding and punishing the employees, the company must focus on several other aspects like cultural aspects of the employees, shared mission and several other such things. Only paying high salary as a performance reward will not be helpful in every way. Conclusion Thereby it can be concluded that in order to develop the performance management of the employees, the company must be able to give up the old performance management ides and must also be very much open towards the adoption of the new ideas. The company must give up its orthodox attitude and must be able to see that if they are to work as per the conditions of the present day scenario, then they are to adopt the new methods that will motivate the employees to work over themselves and increase their performance. The companies must work upon the eight fatal flaws of performance management and must be able to work over that. The company must identify the new methods of improving the overall performance management of the company. Recommendations Theory without evidence is a bad theory In order to fix this fatal flaw, the company must become open towards the modern and new methods by getting rid of the traditional ones. The company must make sure to identify which is working for them and which is not. The company must very carefully design the solution so that the overall performance of the employees will be improved. Nobody remembers the good work The best way to deal with this problem is to develop several areas of conversation between the manager and the employees. The real time feedback will be very much helpful in preventing the biasness which always develops between the employees and the managers. The managers must also be very much open in welcoming several new employees in the conversation so that the employees also feel very much wanted within the organization. This will also give enough space for peer feedbacks. Competition The managers must make sure that there are no comparisons made between the employees. The managers must give bonuses to the group. This will enable the employees to work together and exchange several ideas with one another. This will also help the employees to grow and develop the team spirit. References Chandler, M.T., 2016.How Performance Management Is Killing Performanceand What to Do About It: Rethink, Redesign, Reboot. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Dumay, J., 2014. Reflections on interdisciplinary accounting research: the state of the art of intellectual capital.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(8), pp.1257-1264. Pulakos, E.D., Hanson, R.M., Arad, S. and Moye, N., 2015. Performance management can be fixed: An on-the-job experiential learning approach for complex behavior change.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,8(1), pp.51-76. Reason, J., 2016.Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Seuring, S. and Gold, S., 2013. Sustainability management beyond corporate boundaries: from stakeholders to performance.Journal of Cleaner Production,56, pp.1-6. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G. and Halligan, J., 2015.Performance management in the public sector. Routledge.

Racial prejudice in football an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Racial prejudice in football Introduction This paper presents research on racial prejudice in football. The focus is specifically on racial prejudice among players in European soccer. Racial prejudice relates to discrimination of soccer players on the basis of their race. The discrimination can be through use of words and statements which are not race friendly as well as actions which are meant to discriminate against people of a given race. Need essay sample on "Racial prejudice in football" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed According to Stuart Sim (2008), Soccer is a very old game that can be traced to the ancient generation including the second century when Chinese were involved in kicking a leather ball through a small hole in a piece of silk cloth strung between two high poles. These were the primitive ages of soccer which has evolved over the decades to gain the current international frenzy witnessed in the modern world. Europe has distinguished itself as the home of the modern day soccer. The concept of buying players promoted by the leading football clubs in Europe and all over the world has led to players of different races and ethnic backgrounds converging in the same soccer team. It is the black players in European soccer clubs who have faced a substantial share of racial discrimination by the white players, funs and even some club administrators. University Students Very Often Tell EssayLab professionals: Who wants to write paper for me? Professional writers recommend: There Is Nothing Impossible For Essaylab Writers In other European nations like Germany, a section of the crowd attending football matches have been noticed showering insults at minority players mainly from Africa and Arab world. This is worsened if their team has lost the match to an opponent team where the minority player is playing for. This discrimination has not spared even African- American players who compete professionally in European leagues. These players give testimonies of having to suffer verbal and physical abuse because of their race both while in the field and when outside the field. It is very unfortunate that these nations continue to host major world soccer games like world cup. In addition, racial prejudice is not only a problem for the minority players but also non-white players who attend these matches. Racial discrimination is so entrenched in some cities that non-white visitors can not venture freely outside the confines of the stadium or their hotels into the town and the villages in fear of being abused bo th verbally and physically because of their race. Incidences of racial discrimination have always been overshadowed by the hooliganism associated with European soccer matches. There is however rising trends in racial slurs and racially charged incidents as a result of a number of factors including the increasing racial diversity of formerly all-white clubs. This has been promoted by big European clubs signing players from other nations outside Europe especially harnessing the great potential in Africa. It is the dream of every African soccer players to join these wealthy clubs due to lack of enough resources by African governments to support such talents. The prestigious lifestyles by Africans playing for these clubs are also a motivational model to other players. Growing resistance to immigration from African and Arab nations in several European countries has created some hatred and hostility among natives hence instigating racial prejudice. The tendency of race-related conflicts to grab headlines and greater scrutiny of such incidents to reverse such trends only serves to worsen racial prejudice. This is especially so when funs realize that they can cause a ruckus and perhaps upset a key opposing player with racial taunts .Racial tension also appears to be fueled by a lack of economic opportunities for whites. The whites blame this trend on black players whom they perceive to have come into their country and grabbed the existing opportunities. This leaves the minority players at the mercy of racist players and funs. Most incidences of racial discrimination pass unnoticed because they happen behind the curtains away from the concerned authorities and some racially discriminated players are just too scared to complain about the natives because they are numerical disadvantage in a new country. (Stuart Sim, 2008). Racial prejudice in soccer has been identified as a very serious threat to the football clubs and the social setup in this world that is increasingly undergoing globalization. (Stuart Sim ,2008). This has even prompted the emergence of various antiracism organizations like Kick It Out, a London-based organization which is a member of Football Against Racism in Europe (FARE) alongside other organizations from thirteen European countries dedicated to fighting racism in soccer. Such organizations have staged antiracism campaigns targeting soccer funs that are found of launching racist attacks on minority players of a rival soccer club. Such overt racial prejudices take the form of harassment of the player, physical and verbal assaults, spitting at the players car or name calling. Such incidences have made minority players to fear for their lives and even explore the possibility of foregoing the luxurious opportunities and going back to their respective countries. Stories are told of players who have been subjected to serious humiliation like funs of the opponent clubs stocking the players after a much and shaking their cars, spitting on the cars, throwing food at the player and punching their cars all bec ause this player is of a different race. Funs who sit near the field have also been suspended and fined for unfriendly gestures like monkey chants, using annoying names to intimidate the player and even punching the player who he goes to throw the ball or when he tries to defend himself by responding to their insults. However, some people believe that these are actions of just a handful of people who are out to spoil it all for other people. Increasing immigration which has led to more players of color in Europe has incited some of the racial tension across Europe. This can be illustrated by the riots which were experienced in the Paris suburbs which revealed the high level of immigrants' frustration due to lack of economic opportunity, especially for young people. This trend has lead to increasing fears and concerns in Europe concerning the soaring immigration. Most experts and players blame the European countries for tolerating racial prejudice, a fact that is so disappointing when comparing with the situation in nations like the U.S where racial discrimination is considered a vice and a taboo. According to Stuart Sim (2008), the globalization of soccer has led to increased diversity on the field, which has led to dissent from some fans in Europe. It is obvious that many of the world's top pro teams are in Europe and are led by players of color. For instance, defending World Cup champion Brazil's Ronaldinho, the 2004 and 2005 world player of the year, plays for newly crowned European club champion FC Barcelona in Spain, as does Sweden's Henri k Larsson. France's Thierry Henry and the Ivory Coast's Kolo Toure led English club Arsenal to the European club final. Ghana's Michael Essien and the Ivory Coast's Didier Drogba helped Chelsea win the English Premier League title. A country like German tried to resist this trend for a very long time but gave in by the signing of Ghanaian soccer player Gerald Asamoah which led to successive signing of other black players. This trend can not change any sooner because these football clubs have the money while the minority players have the needed talents to push the clubs to stardom. These successful players however are not spared from racial discrimination as the fans sometimes whistle, booed and make monkey noises at them. For example in a European Champions League qualifier against Red Star Belgrade in Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, Beasley who is a black player was welcomed rudely. When he touched the ball, the media reported that the fans whistled, booed and made monkey noises at him. He encountered the same experiences at road games in the Netherlands. Most of the black players who have ever played for European soccer clubs testify that racial discrimination in most European countries is direct and bluntly displayed. For instance a black soccer player can be denied access to a restaurant a restaurant in pretext that he is not welcome into the private party while the main message is to tell the player that he is in a territory of a different race. The trend of racial discrimination tends to increase in the present days as demonstrated by various incidences experienced by black players. The worlds top player from Cameroon Samuel Eto'o, who plays for FC Barcelona, threatened to walk out of a game after being showered with monkey chants and peanuts from opposing fans. Another incident happened when Marc Zoro, who is from the Ivory Coast and plays for the Italian club Messina, picked up the ball and threatened to walk off the field because of racist chants from Inter Milan fans. Some players have also been involved in promotion of racial prejudice especially against foreign players in their native clubs. Paulo Di Canio, a striker for the Italian club Lazio, was suspended for giving fans a straight-arm, Nazi-style salute. When asked about his behavior, he claimed he was supporting fascism, not racism. (Stuart Sim, 2008). In a move to fight racial prejudice, major steps have been taken by both political and religious leaders, including Pope Benedict XVI. An anti-racism message from the pope was read to fans before an exhibition game between Italy and Germany aimed at creating awareness on the consequences of racial prejudice. Educational programs and activist groups such as FARE are prominent in Europe. There also have been anti-racism advertising efforts such as the Nike-affiliated "Stand up, Speak up" campaign led by France's Henry, who was the target of a racist slur by Spanish coach Luis Aragones. Aragones who was fined $87,000 (U.S.) and a public apology which sent a message of how serious an individuals actions can cost him if they promote racial prejudice. (Stuart Sim, 2008). Nike has also been involved in making and selling black-and-white interlocking rubber wristbands throughout Europe with proceeds meant for fighting racism through anti-racism groups. The antiracism campaigns have been reinforced by FIFA, soccer's world governing body by passing an anti-racism legislation that provides for sanctioning Players, coaches and team officials during football matches for engaging in actions that are likely to promote racial prejudice. This legislation however still leaves the funs unregulated. Unfortunately it is this group that is involved in many incidences of racial discrimination. Due to the large number of fans during football matches, enforcing this legislation is very difficult as the officials are not able to monitor what is happening in the stands. Establishing the team whose funs are involved in racially discriminating activities is not easy to allowing for apportioning of blame. FIFA also suggested that players lining up before each game during world cup were to hold banners condemning racism, and, beginning with the quarterfinals, team captains were to read anti-racism messages before games. A special time was also set aside on the World Cup calendar giving room for two anti-discrimination days during the event. These antiracism campaigns were summed up in the World Cup's slogan: "A Time to Make Friends." Various racists groups like neo-Nazis and other racist groups still exists in Germany and these groups have continued to launch attack on black people and even blamed for attacks on black players and their funs whom they refer to as dark-skinned people . Persistent racism in Germany made the authorities to warn black visitors attending world cup to keep off villagers outside Berlin. Taunts by racists are aimed at getting opposing players angry and affecting their play and soccer players who have had a long experience which such racial prejudices advise that black players should learn to ignore such gestures to maintain a good shape during a match. Racial prejudices are part and parcel of such communities and a player responding to them risks even serious actions of racists like physical assault or worse death. Instead of struggling with the humiliations of racists insults and abuses, some p layers take this as a sign of provide and continue to stage outstanding performance to counter the humiliation. Talking about racism is a thorny issue even among the African-American teammates except for personal friends. (Stuart Sim, 2008). Conclusion. Soccer is a very popular football game that is perceived to unite people of all races and loved worldwide. It is however unfortunate that these players who stage outstanding performances are struggling with humiliation due to racial prejudices from certain corners of the world especially in European countries. Despite the severity of the problem, world football body and some government authorities have not stepped up enough measures to combat racial prejudice. Hooliganism at soccer matches provide an atmosphere within which racism thrives. Fighting at football matches is usually associated with racial insults like you dirty nigger or stupid African which is easily ignored as part of the hooliganism. Racial discrimination in football can range from physical and verbal insults like monkey chants, using gestures meant for racial incitement, restricted access to social facilities as well as entering football stadiums with racists banners. Europe is still prone to racial prejudice in the field of sports especially in Germany which is blamed for tolerating racial prejudice. This is evidenced by incidences like when a racist fan entered a stadium with a banner promoting racial discrimination in the presence of police men who failed to confisticate it or arrest him. There were also were also public racist campaigns by right-wing extremists against national players Gerald Asamoah and Patrick Owomoyela because they were black. Those arrested and charged with racial discrimination are subjected to very low fines hence promoting this vice. To stamp out the vice, governments and relevant football stakeholders need to come up with stiffer penalties for those promoting racial hatred. The antiracism campaigns should be incorporated in education policies and public awareness to appeal to even the younger generation. The media need not to heed to intimidation by sports officials threatening to exclude them from covering their matches and promote campaigns against racism. Work Cited Stuart Sim (2008). The Eighteenth-century Novel and Contemporary Social Issues. Edinburgh University: Edinburgh University Press.

Free Essays on Book Review Of Huck Finn

Jim’s escape from freedom is not a well-laid out plan, just rather a lucky turn of events. Jim heard of being sold down river and ran away for the island in the river and if Huck didn’t fake his death and preoccupy the town Jim probably would have been captured. When the two got on the raft and headed down river Huck protected Jim in a couple of close encounters like in the small pox incident. After meeting the Duke and King Jim had a easier time of hiding out, yet his search for freedom took a back seat to the Duke and King’s greedy exploits. The King then turns around and sells Jim for $40 and Jim is locked away. Huck has a moral decision to make then whether or not to help Jim. I credit Huck with Jim’s freedom even if it was planned out Huck still did it. Like when being on the raft with Jim, Huck was glad to have company I don’t think he realized he was helping Jim. When the two slave hunters came up and questioned Huck, Huck was just saving his own skin and it just turned out to save Jim’s as well. With the Duke and King Huck made sure they helped hide Jim and when Huck was not around Jim was sold. In the end Huck finally realized he needed to help Jim and this time he was going to do it knowing he was helping Jim as where before he didn’t realize it. Even though Huck followed Tom in rescuing Jim in the end I would still credit Huck with Jim’s freedom. The question would be whether Huck knew what he was doing when him and Jim first took off on the raft. When Jim and Huck are on the river the two seem to enjoy some good times and seem to have some freedom. Their freedom is they do what they want and just lazy away the days. Huck is use to this because his old â€Å"unsiziled† ways is close to what they do on the river. Huck on the river does what he wants, when he wants, and does not have to explain himself to anyone just like it was on land before the widow tried to change him. Jim on the other hand probably neve... Free Essays on Book Review Of Huck Finn Free Essays on Book Review Of Huck Finn Jim’s escape from freedom is not a well-laid out plan, just rather a lucky turn of events. Jim heard of being sold down river and ran away for the island in the river and if Huck didn’t fake his death and preoccupy the town Jim probably would have been captured. When the two got on the raft and headed down river Huck protected Jim in a couple of close encounters like in the small pox incident. After meeting the Duke and King Jim had a easier time of hiding out, yet his search for freedom took a back seat to the Duke and King’s greedy exploits. The King then turns around and sells Jim for $40 and Jim is locked away. Huck has a moral decision to make then whether or not to help Jim. I credit Huck with Jim’s freedom even if it was planned out Huck still did it. Like when being on the raft with Jim, Huck was glad to have company I don’t think he realized he was helping Jim. When the two slave hunters came up and questioned Huck, Huck was just saving his own skin and it just turned out to save Jim’s as well. With the Duke and King Huck made sure they helped hide Jim and when Huck was not around Jim was sold. In the end Huck finally realized he needed to help Jim and this time he was going to do it knowing he was helping Jim as where before he didn’t realize it. Even though Huck followed Tom in rescuing Jim in the end I would still credit Huck with Jim’s freedom. The question would be whether Huck knew what he was doing when him and Jim first took off on the raft. When Jim and Huck are on the river the two seem to enjoy some good times and seem to have some freedom. Their freedom is they do what they want and just lazy away the days. Huck is use to this because his old â€Å"unsiziled† ways is close to what they do on the river. Huck on the river does what he wants, when he wants, and does not have to explain himself to anyone just like it was on land before the widow tried to change him. Jim on the other hand probably neve...

Tocquevilles Concept of Social Reciprocity in the Democratic Age Essay

Tocquevilles Concept of Social Reciprocity in the Democratic Age - Essay Example Tocqueville believed that to thrive within democracy, polities require citizens who are highly participatory, who are engaged civically, and who have formed close bonds with one another. From this correlation, he theorizes that civic engagement teaches people to be cooperative, which, in turn, affects the body politic, fostering democracy. Thus, in Tocqueville's view, political/civic participation is not simply the manifestation of the fulfillment of citizenship obligations but is the basis for individual and social improvement. Tocqueville makes much of the spill-over effects of political participation and social reciprocity. He recognizes that political participation has the capacity to create an active citizenry capable of organizing most spheres of social (and, thus, economic) life. The corollary of this view is that the participatory citizens of this kind of social/commercial system will, of necessity, participate in political life. In his view, there is, at the very least, the potential for a sort of sociopolitical symbiosis. Tocqueville states that the fundamental condition underlying American democracy is equality; it is the essential fact from which all others seem to be derived. This social equality did not exist in aristocratic Europe. The aristocracy, although declining, still had considerable power. In the aristocracy social and political power was based on name and birth. Nobility, political influence, and wealth could be passed on from one generation to the next. Social classes were fixed, and it was rare for a person to move up in social class. This lack of social equality prevented democracy from taking hold in Europe. In the United States, there was no aristocracy or rigid social classes, instead there was equality (except, of course, if you happened to be a woman or a slave). According to Tocqueville, this equality of conditions served as a guiding principle of American democracy. Much of the writing in Tocqueville's work documents how the many trends of social and political life-such as the propensity to form associations-stems from the equality of condition as he describes it. He sees participation (specifically, the formation of private associations) as the principal means by which a people might develop personally, intellectually, and, by extension, socially. Tocqueville views the myriad associations formed by Americans as an apt illustration of the idea of individual benefit being consistent with social benefit. Tocqueville observes that, among their participants, associations foster understanding, cooperation, solidarity, and a willingness to take part in political affairs: Among democratic peoples associations must take the place of the powerful private persons whom equality of conditions has eliminated. As soon as several Americans have conceived a sentiment or an idea that they want to produce before the world, they seek each other out, and when found, they unite. Thenceforth they are no longer isolated individuals, but a power conspicuous from the distance whose action serve as an example; when it speaks, men listen. (Tocqueville 517) According to

Artist of Egyptian Old Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Artist of Egyptian Old Kingdom - Essay Example As the study declares the pre-dynastic time period in the Egyptian history gave the actual form of expression to the Egyptian art. That was the time period when Egyptian art actually flourished and took a new meaning of its form. The third (3rd) and the forth (4th) Dynasty introduced the meaning of expression and freedom in the Egyptian art and culture. This trend was then followed by all the generations who come afterwards. Since an art has ample space to absorb all the possible changes in it, Egyptian art could also take in all the actions of exploration and freedom of expression in it. As explained by that the cases meant for burials and funerals of kings and their relatives are the most remarkable commemoration that exist since the time of the Early Dynasties of Egypt. He also explains that the alterations in the concepts of majestic burials are a symbol of advancements in not only the architecture and building. Infact this process of change and alterations can also be observed in the concepts of afterlife. The Egyptian art reached its culminating point in the era of Dynasty IV. Dynasty V and VI then brought the technical progress and advancements throughout the country afterwards. Explains that â€Å"an artist of old Egyptian kingdom did not hold any special recognition for the work he had done in his time.  The Egyptian art reached its culminating point in the era of Dynasty IV.   Dynasty V and VI then brought the technical progress and advancements throughout the country afterwards.

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems For Smes

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems For Smes Several researches have revealed that Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems bring greater benefits to organisations, small or large. These reports asserted that successful implementation of the right ERP solution will empower the financial success of the organisation while its failure can spell doom and gloom. SMEs in contrast to their larger counterpart have peculiar challenges that further make the choice of ERP solution difficult. These challenges have defined the expectations and requirements of SMEs from ERP solutions. Various ERP software are available in the market for their use, with the software leader being SAP, but it is essential for an SME to select the appropriate software solution that appropriately address their needs putting in consideration their peculiar predicament. This is easily achieved through an adequate software selection and evaluation process. This research looks into past works on ERP implementations for SMEs to come up with ERP requirements for SMEs ; available software (and hardware) solutions available to them and a detailed software evaluation and selection process in line with industry best practice which they can use. It also addresses current ERP market and market trends. Methodology This paper is largely based on review of previous academic documents in form of journals, conference documents and books. These were reviewed extensively in line with the topic of discussion. Another helpful source of information used in the report is the internet. Through the internet, we were able to get more current information and data to support previous academic works. While we have done extensive research on this topic, it should be noted that the academic documents used in this research represent just a subset of the numerous documents that have been written concerning this topic. They are by no means a perfect representation of all the possible views. Table of Contents 1 Abstract 1 Methodology 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems 4 Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) 4 ERP Market and Market Trend 6 ERP Requirements for SMEs 9 Analysis of ERP Solution (Software and hardware) 11 SAP 11 Oracle ERP Software 14 International Financial Services (IFS) 15 SAGE Accpac 15 Microsoft Dynamics 16 Open Source Software (OSS) 16 ERP Evaluation and Selection process 17 Stage 1 Plan Requirement 18 Stage 2 Request for Proposals (RFP) 19 Stage 3 Solution Evaluation 19 Stage 4 Contract Negotiation 19 Stage 5 Selection and Agreement 20 Introduction Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, according to Joseph et al 2003, is now being promoted as a desirable and critical link for enhancing integration between all functional areas within an enterprise and between the enterprise and its upstream downstream trading partners. Despite all benefits potentially offered by ERP systems (Banker, 1998; Hicks, 1995; Minahan, 1998) however, the issue of organisational changes needed by ERP implementation as well as predicting return on investment assumes particular importance within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) because of their peculiar challenges. In SMEs, the implementation and the evaluation of the potential benefits is still a difficult task. (Ravarini, 2000). (Chan, 1999), asserted that many SMEs either lack enough resources or are not enthusiastic about committing a huge fraction of their resources to ERP implementation due to long implementation period and high fees associated with ERP, (Chau, 1995). These amongst other factors have resulted in slow ERP adoption by SME (Tagliavini et al, 2002). Nowadays, some SMEs are not only seeking ways of integrating their various island-of-information within the organisation, but have also moved to extend the whole scope beyond their organisation to include their suppliers, trading partners and customers (Charlesworth et al., 2002). Therefore, implementation of a right and cost effective ERP solution is essential. This however must be preceded by an accurate ERP software evaluation and selection process. This paper explores ERP for SMEs and is formatted as follows; Introduction, Methodology, Background on ERP, ERP Market and Trends, ERP and SMEs, ERP requirement for SMEs, Different Software (and Hardware) Solutions Analysis a Detailed Software Evaluation and Selection Process, Discussion, Conclusion and Future Research work. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems ERP systems can be defined as the most predominant computing systems for business in a lot of organisations, both in the public and private sectors (Gable, 1998) The ERP software can be customised to support critical existing processes which organisations follow (Stefanou, CJ., 2001) Included in an ERP system are: Storage, orders, assets, vendor contacts, purchasing, financials and human resources (Dahlen C. and Elfsson J., 1999) (OLeary, 2000) stated that An ERP system integrates the majority of business processes and allows access to the data in real time. However, (Gardiner et al., 2002) also stated that an ERP system improves the performance level of a supply chain by helping to reduce cycle times. Other benefits which enterprises enjoy by implementing an ERP system include: better customer satisfaction, reduced quality cost, increased flexibility, improved resource utility, improved decision-making capability, improved information accuracy and improved vendor performance (Siriginidi, 2000). The flip-side to this is that, most ERP software tend to be complicated, large and expensive (Mabert et al., 2001). The implementation of an ERP system is time consuming and puts pressure on an organisations information technology (IT) department or outside professionals (Khaled Al-Fawaz et al., 2008) Putting ERP in place requires new procedures, employee training, and both managerial and technical support. (Shang and Seddon, 2002) Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) SMEs, in most countries are businesses that employ fewer than 250 people. For some other countries, SMEs are those which employ fewer than 500 people. Countries like these include: USA, Italy and Australia. 99.9% of the businesses in Albania come under SMEs. (Nito E., 2005) ERP customers are usually split into three market divisions by annual income. These include: large, midà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ market and small. The borderline of these divisions tend to be different, depending on which ERP vendor is using them. For small enterprises, Sage, SAP, Microsoft, Infor and to a slight extent Lawson, compete with a number of smaller vendors for ERP systems. Figure 1: Source: bla bla bla As shown in the diagram above, only SAP and Sage have set ERP products designed for the small enterprise market. The other vendors compete in this division with products that they also use for the midà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ market. The top six vendors compete in the mid-market. A lot of these products are industry specific e.g. pharmaceutical distribution, projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oriented services, process manufacturing, etc. Successful competition has been attained by the leading ERP vendors adding sector specific focus to their products. This has been approached by: Industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ specific preà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ configured templates using a standard ERP product being developed by the ERP vendor (e.g. Oracles Business Accelerators or SAPs Best Practice Templates). ERP Market and Market Trend Trend, as defined by (Kotler, 1997) is: A direction or sequence of events that have some momentum and durability. Over the last decade, the ERP market has grown very quickly. The three main reasons for this growth are: globalisation, year 2000, and the need for better information integration. (Dahlen C. and Elfsson J., 1999) As at 1998, Merrill Lynch estimated that 40% of companies with revenues over $1billion had already implemented base ERP systems in the USA (Caldwell Stein, 1998) and had started implementing additional applications, a market that was estimated at $8billion by 2002. An American-based research firm, AMR Research, also predicted the enterprise applications market could hit $78billion by 2004 compared to $27million in 1999 (Stefanou, CJ., 2001). However, according to Gartner group, a high percentage (88%) of the ERP market is concentrated in the western countries. SAP, the German flagship company, holds a global market share of 32%, while Oracle has a global market share of 14.5%. Both vendors have the lion share of the Global ERP market. However, this is not the case in the Chinese market where SAP and Oracle hold a combined market share of 24.4% and the domestic companies holding a combined market share of 51.6%. (Huigang Liang et al., 2004) Total ERP market revenue grew to over $28B in 2006. This was driven by a combination of strong customer demand and leading vendors expanding their product portfolios through acquisition. (Jacobson S., 2007) As at 2000, the AMR Research, Inc. predicted that the ERP market would grow at a compound annual growth rate of 37% over the following five years. Currently, SAP and Oracle have dominated the market. Their competition, however, lies in the SMEs market With rivals like: Sage group, Microsoft, Epicor and Lawson (Jacobson S. et al 2007) Below is an ERP application revenue estimate for 2006 2011 This was estimated as at 2007 by the AMR, Research GroupFigure 2: (Jacobson, S. et al 2007 The ERP Market sizing Report, 2006-2011, AMR Research., ERP 2007 Market sizing series). In recent times, the ERP Vendor Outlook has changed a lot. Six vendors are responsible for almost two thirds of global ERP sales. Oracle and SAP control 50% of the World market by income. At the start of the last decade, Infor and Microsoft did not have a market presence. Below is a pie chart showing Global ERP Revenue by Vendor (2008) Figure 3: Source: BSM, ERP. May 2010 ERP Requirements for SMEs According to Huin 2004, SMEs have an enormous difference in needs, operating requirements, logistics fulfilment and financial capabilities compared to their large counterparts. First among these requirements is a cost effective ERP solution. Costs associated with ERP solution include not only the software, but also to items such as training, hardware and consulting (Willis et al 2001). Besides, most ERP software available in the market, according to Bounanno G. et al 2005, are just too expensive for SMEs. Chan R. 1999, supported that many small-medium enterprises either do not have sufficient resources or are not willing to commit a huge fraction of their resources due to long implementation times and high fees associated with ERP implementation. This emphasises the fact that cost is a major factor for SMEs when attempting to undergo a capital intensive venture like ERP implementation. A research of 50 Italian SMEs carried out by Federici 2009 suggested that small and medium enterprises mostly chose systems provided by small national software houses obviously for cost reasons. Contrast to larger establishments, SMEs have limited experiences, human resources and skills that are necessary for some kind of ERP implementations according to Adam and ODoherty 2003 cited in Winkelmann and Klose 2008. It is a well known fact that most SMEs have a scaled down number of employees who handles more than one function. This position is further supported by Huin 2004, which confirmed that most SMEs experience a high turnover rate compared to large companies. That work further stated that high turnover rate adversely impacts how SMEs manage their labour resource-a key resource input in any ERP project. This is in line with the research work of Winkelmann A et al 2008 which emphasised that a dedicated IT department addressing the selection and implementation of an ERP system dont actually exist in most SMEs. As such most SMEs have requirements for ERP solutions (software and hardware) that leverage on their lean human resources, especially in the IT department and provide a user friendly platform not riddled with so many complications. Achanga et al 2006 confirmed in his work that most SMEs do not have a good management structure on which innovations such as ERP thrives. It is customary to have the Managing Director or the CEO involved in daily administration of the companies in addition to making strategic decisions. They further explained that most SMEs were established by owner managers who may not have the tactful management know-how. As such, strategic progress is usually hampered by lack of good leadership traits which bring about informal working processes. This was supported by (Mintzberg H. et al 2003 p.217). Processes here according to Beretta 2004 is the medium that coverts activities efficiently and effectively in order to generate value for a specific customer. It is important to note that these processes are what ERP serves to integrate. As such ERP solution for SMEs must be simple and flexible to accommodate these peculiarities of most SMEs. Such flexibility involves things like allowing only specific modules or even sub-modules to be implemented. The type and focus of the SMEs should begat the requirement for consideration in the choice of ERP solution. Most SMEs have very specific operations and as such have very specific processes. These processes differ according to the specialisation of the company. Example is the case of a construction company in Taiwan that wanted to implement ERP but could not get software fit because of its unique operations (Yang J et al, 2007). Another example: Made-To-Stock (MTS) manufacturing companies have different ERP requirements from Made-To-Oder (MTO) companies (Deep A. et al 2007). The implication is that MTO and MTS have different production processes and thus will need a system that aligns with their peculiar requirement. We can therefore conclude according to Deep A. et al, 2007 that issues relating to the specificity of an organisation will need to be determined before proceeding to make a choice on the ERP solution for implementation. Analysis of ERP Solution (Software and hardware) ERP software belongs to a suit of software called Enterprise system software. According to Shanks G. et al 2003, it is; a set of packaged application software modules, with an integrated architecture, that can be used by organizations as their primary engine for integrating data, processes, and information technology, in real time, across internal and external value chains impound deep knowledge of business practices that vendors have accumulated from implementations in a wide range of client organizations, that can exert considerable influence on the design of processes within new client organizations is a generic semi-finished product with tables and parameters that client organizations and their implementation partners must configure, customize and integrate with other computer-based information systems to meet their business needs. Thus, ERP software are sold to organisations on the platform that its a way for them to implement best practices in an organisation (Wagner and Newell 2004), but there is a vast gap between this theory, the actual implementation and use of the software. The idea behind the software use is that a blend of best practice within a particular industry is built into the design so that this can be used by a similar company irrespective of where it is to automate its working process. According to Holland and Light 1999, most organizations now opt for off the shelf software instead of developing one in-house for its function. While there are over one hundred ERP software available, we will be reviewing a list of some well known ERP solutions available to an SME below; SAP A company that started in Germany, the application has captured the integrated market of most large and medium market throughout the world (Martin and Cheung 2000). With high functionality and a great deal of integration, the solution covers requirements such as financial accounting and control, sales and distribution, materials management, production planning and human resource management. Bancroft et al 1998 revealed that SAP design consists of the following layers of software; The SAP graphical user interface (GUI) representing the presentation layer; The SAP application layer; and The SAP database layer SAP supports critical business functions and processes and can actually be tailored to meet the business needs of any enterprise (SAP Global, 2010). It delivers the following solutions SAP ERP Financials: helps addressing changing financial reporting standards, improve cash flows and manage risks SAP ERP Human Capital Management: helps in automating key processes like End-user service delivery, workforce analytics, talent management, workforce process management and workforce deployment SAP ERP Operations: helps with process like procurement and logistics execution, product development and manufacturing and sales and services SAP Corporate Services: covers real estate management, Enterprise asset management, project and portfolio management, travel management, environment and safety management, quality management and global trade services SAP Global claimed that the product helps in increasing oversight of business operations and providing adequate information for strategic business decisions. It also claimed high flexibility and innovation and that modules can be implemented as needed and upgraded as the need arises. The SAP for SMEs has been implemented by over 80000 SMEs. Figure 4 below shows the SAP Solution roadmap showing the multiple level of blueprint of processes supported by SAP. SAPs benefits were echoed by the research work of Mandal and Gunasekaran 2003. This was implemented at PMB Water Corporation. They discovered greater benefit of implementing SAP. However, Al-Mashari and Zairi 2000 confirmed that SAP is a very complex solution that is too prone to failure. This position is supported by the research work of Martin I. et al, 2000 in an organization in Australia where he discovered that the training was complex, expensive and enormous. It is also not a user friendly application. For a small and medium sized company this enormous complexity and capital investment among other things is not one that can be readily and easily accommodated as previously stated in the requirements section. Figure 4 SAP Solution Roadmap (available at http://www. sap.com/businessmaps However, it should also be noted that quite a number of medium establishments have been able to implement SAP successfully and are reaping the benefits (Martin I. et al 2000). Oracle ERP Software The Oracle ERP software is part of the Oracle e-Business suite. It consists of the following modules (Oracle 2010); Channel Revenue Management: enables information driven channel management. Includes modules like Accounts receivable deductions settlement, channel rebates and point-of-sale, partner management, price protection and supplier ship and debit Financial Management: covers things like Asset lifecycle management, cash and treasury management, credit-to-cash, financial control and reporting, financial analytics, governance, risk and compliance, lease and finance management, procure-to-pay and travel and expense management Human Capital Management: includes Global Core HCM , Workforce Management, Workforce Service delivery, Integrated talent management, and HR analytics Project Portfolio Management: Involves things like project analytics, project billing, project contracts, project collaboration, project costing, project management, project portfolio analysis, project resource management and time and labour. According to Oracle, Oracle E-Business suite is the most adaptable global business platform and the most customer-focused application strategy. This opinion seems to be supported by Panorama Consulting group 2010, that the software has the highest level of predictability of all ERP software that was studied, and that the average initial cost to implement is 25% less than that of SAP. It also claimed that Oracles total cost of ownership is nearly 50% less than that of SAP. The fact remains though that its usage does not as yet compare to that of SAP. This is true considering the fact that there has not been much academic research into the use of the software as an ERP solution. International Financial Services (IFS) IFS is a single, integrated product supporting the management of 4 core processes (IFSWorld 2010); Service and Asset, Manufacturing, Project, Supply chain. It can be added to other suites of software e.g. Financials, Human Resources, Sales and services, Engineering, Project, Manufacturing and Distribution. According to IFSWorld 2010, its easy to use software that provides an attractive, intuitive and efficient user experience. It is also quite flexible, allowing an organisation to choose the required module and upgrade at a future date if so desired. The benefits of IFS was supported by the work of Lahikainen T. et al 2000 comparatively saying that ERP software like SAP is rather clumsy and large, and because of this cannot easily be reworked to suit a business process. Rather, the business will have to readjust its process for the software. SAGE Accpac This product offers middle sized organisation an adjustable enterprise resource for finance, SRM and operations (Sage, 2010). It supports global aspirations for mid-market and upper-mid-market companies with its robust financial management capabilities and flexible open architecture. Modules of the software include; Financials: General Ledger, G/L Consolidations, Reporting, Multi-Currency, Intercompany Transactions, Transaction Analysis and Optional Field Creator Purchasing: Purchase Orders, Accounts Payable, Electronic Funds Transfer (ETF), Direct payables, Document Management, Fixed Asset Management, Check and Form printing Sales and Receivables: Order Entry, Accounts Receivable, EFT Direct Receivables, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), National Accounts Management, Unit Sales Analysis, Return Material Authorization (RMA) Customer Management: Contact Management, Sales Force Automation, Marketing Automation, Customer Service Automation Inventory/Warehouse Management: Inventory Control, Lot Tracking, Serialized Inventory, Warehouse Management, Manufacturing Management Project Management: Project and Job Costing, Service and Maintenance management, Payroll: In-house Payroll, Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), Direct Payroll, Sage Accpac HRMS System Administration: System Manager, Alerts and Alerts Manager Sage manages the processes that are common to all businesses, such as finance, HR, or CRM; the vertical modules give customers a greater ability to match technology to specific industry needs (Sage, 2010). Microsoft Dynamics According to Microsoft 2010, Microsoft Dynamics offer solution that can help fastrack performance, measure financial effectiveness and enhance decision making. It helps drive businesses by providing a backbone of an elastic system. It is easy to implement and adapt. Apart from on-premise installation, the solution can also be deployed to work with cloud computing, a solution some organisations are already considering. The capabilities delivered by this solution includes Financial management, Supply chain management, business intelligence, performance management, Collaboration, Project Management, Human resource management, IT management and Software-plus-Services. Open Source Software (OSS) There are also a number of open source ERP software that seems to be of an increasing interest at the moment according to the research work of Johansson and Sudzina 2008. The list includes Compiere, OpenBravo, Opentaps, Facturalux, TinyERP. It may be that most SMEs will find OSS ERP implementations able to cater for their needs since according to Raymond 2005, SMEs are highly flexible and adaptable to change. Implementation may also work out cheaper as costs associated with licensing fees are usually not incurred (Johansson and Sudzina, 2008). It should however be noted that support for implementations for OSS ERP software is quite hard, as there can be several versions of a given software and finding an expert can be daunting. ERP Evaluation and Selection process A successful ERP project requires selecting an ERP solution, implementing the solution, managing changes and examining the practicality of the system (Wei and Wang, 2004). Wrong ERP solution choice would either cause implementation to fail or weaken the system to a greater impact on the enterprise (Hicks,1995; Wilson,1994). Most enterprises often jump into looking at ERP functions and features rather than examining the strategy and business processes. According to Donovan, 2001, it is important for management to know the current strategy, processes and supporting systems compared to what they could be with the new systems. For most enterprises, the decision to implement ERP functionalities will require buying a software package from one of the more popular vendors on ERP market. But the selection process is not a straightforward task, hence thorough understanding of what ERP packages are to offer, differences in each of them and what might be at stake in selecting one package over the other should be well examined or evaluated, (Sammon and Adam, 2000). Evaluating and selecting an ERP system, even though can be a very complex process (Donovan 2001). It should be a fact-based process that will bring an enterprise to the point where comfortable well-informed decisions can be made. Figure 5 below shows an online poll conducted by ESI International survey of 2,000 business professionals in 2005. This clearly indicated that most software projects, ERP inclusive, failed due to lack of adequate requirements definition. Fig. 5: Source: ESI International survey of 2,000 business professionals, (2005). In addition to the above figure 5, Donovan pointed out that typical ERP project implementation can also fail because of a wrong choice of ERP solution. Therefore, Management Agility Inc in 2005 revealed that it is imperative to adopt a thorough evaluation and evaluation process before adopting any ERP solution in SMEs. Their report detailed eight steps necessary for a careful and reasonable level of successful ERP implementation in SMEs. This is represented in Figure 6. We have further categorised this into the following five stages for our discussion; Planning, RFP, Solution Evaluation, Negotiation, Selection Agreement These five stages are explained below based on the research carried out by Management Agility Inc in 2005. Stage 1 Plan Requirement Define business along with areas of business that require technical approach. Develop a specific business case with business value for a solution. Ensure that the project sponsor is willing to articulate the business case for change, identify vendors and get familiar with the available solutions. Get general view of investment needed, considering software, hardware, other related infrastructure and ongoing support. Evaluate the organisation readiness for the investment and decide whether to continue or not. Define priorities under must-have and nice-to-have accordingly. Stage 2 Request for Proposals (RFP) Shortlist interesting vendors based on the outcome of market survey for solutions and then for demonstration. Collects facts in line with the business need from product demonstrations for the development of unbiased RFP for vendors. Set-up a neutral body to develop RFP, using facts gathered from products demonstration aligned to the business requirements. Distribute out RFP to selected vendors. Generate basic expectations from ideal proposal in line with the business need for onward selection of the ideal software vendor. Stage 3 Solution Evaluation Identify and prioritise remaining gaps between software capabilities as demonstrated and business requirements. Identify how the gaps will be bridged in terms of configuration, process change or a combination of all these. If the gaps cannot be bridge, then discontinue the evaluation exercise immediately, otherwise consider reengineering of those affected business processes and continue with the evaluation. Stage 4 Contract Negotiation Negotiate with each vendor; establish software, hardware and other infrastructure agreement requirements, which include version, components, maintenance and support. Also negotiate participation in user groups, license costs, maintenance fees and many others. Establish service provider agreement which also include deliverables, timelines, resources, costs, payment schedules and other legal requirements. Stage 5 Selection and Agreement Upon successful negotiation with the right vendor; Review all legal terms on privacy protection, operation guidance and data manipulation etc. Approve agreements with the selected vendors. Agree on implementation plan. Fig. 6: Detailed flowchart for ERP Software, Hardware Evaluation and Selection Processes Management Agility Inc, 2005 ERP Software Hardware (Solution) Evaluation and Selection Steps Yes No Stage 4 Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1 Define Requirements Shop Round for Product Clarify Requirements Evaluation Vendor Inquiry Interact with Vendors Negotiate Agreement Action Agreement Define business case/need and spell-out required values. Be specific. Ensure the business sponsor is willing to push through business case for change. Look round the market for what product is available. Identify vendors that operates and their general approaches to technologies the take. Discuss with others in the same industry as you are etc. Clarify your requirements and be sure of what you are looking for in line with you business case. Refine requirements if possible and be specific too. Find out what product is looking promising in line with the business need and from which vendor. Identify which vendor and their products and invite interesting ones for demo etc. Request for proposal (RFP). Invite each shortlisted vendor over for a chat and find out more about the product. List out expectations based heavily on business requirements. At this point evaluate this approach. Can you afford to change your current process? Can you afford the change the new product will bring and many more? Initiate Negotiation for the selected product with the selected vendor. Agree on who does what, when are they to be done. Negotiate deliverables, timelines, co

how not to spend you senior year :: essays research papers

She starts off talking about her life, starting from the third grade. She tells how when she was in third grade her mom was killed by a hit and run. Since then her and her dad have moved a lot. Thirteen elementary schools from third grade to sixth grade, five middle schools, 6 high schools but she stayed in one place for her senior year. She learned not to unpack when ever she goes to a new place. They have always moved into furnished apartments, and she now has learned that not all places come complete with a couch. She remembers every time she moved somewhere there would be the Phone Calls of Mysterious Origin which were phone calls in the middle of the night and her dad would answer them but he wasn’t on for a long time so it couldn’t be a girlfriend. And after the phone calls would stop, she would come home to her dad at the kitchen table with The Map. During her freshman, sophomore, and junior year they moved all over the eastside of Lake Washington. And at the beginning of my senior year we moved to Seattle, Washington. And I started school at Beacon High. And on that first day of school she falls head over heels in love. His name was Alex Crawford. The guy she saw across the classroom but knew that he would not remember her after that. She was standing in the parking lot looking up at this metal column standing straight up on the building and nothing on the end which seemed awkward. Alex came up behind her and said that a car use to be there but it was getting repaired. They began talking and walked towards the school. She was walking out of her first period class when Alex showed up out of the blue. He walked her to all her classes occasionally bringing his friend Elaine Golden. They all went to Drama class together and when they got there everyone was working on Shakespeare. Mr. Barnes made her join in with everyone else. Alex and Elaine did a scene from Romeo and Juliet. When it came time for the kiss Elaine pulled away as he was coming in for the kiss. The whole class was laughing. When the teacher asked some questions she accidentally said what she was thinking out loud.

Guns, Germs, and Steel; Diseases

Disease influenced a lot of the world’s history, how these disease reached human, and how over a period of time we became mutated to these diseases. It affected a lot of wars, and settlements, such as when the new world was discovered. Most of the germs from these diseases came from domesticated animals, and people from the Old world. Diseases have even been the cause of wars. Around 1526 the Atahuallpa had won battles in a civil war that had left the Incas vulnerable and divided.An epidemic of smallpox was that was spreading among South American Indians, which had arrived from Spanish settlers, had killed the Inca’s emperor, Emperor Huayna Capac and then his designated heir, Ninan Cuyuchi. The deaths of the emperor and the heir lead to Atahuallpa and Huascar to compete for the throne. The civil war started because of the epidemic of smallpox leading to two very important death. This situation also emphasized on the lack of immunity certain people had towards smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus, bubonic plague, and other diseases.Diseases brought by the Europeans killed around ninety-five percent of pre-Columbian Native American population. The most populated native societies disappeared for being affected by epidemic of diseases around 1462 and the late 1600s. In 1713 a smallpox epidemic, caused by European settlers, became the destruction of South Africa’s native San people(78). The spread of diseases helped people conquer other people. (86) Wild plants and animal species appropriate for domestication helped certain diseases reach humans (86, 86, and 92).Human who domesticated animals were the first to get sick with the new diseases, however it helped them evolve resistance towards these diseases. Other people who had not been exposed to any of these diseases would have a harder time at surviving it. Germs that came from domesticated animals played a significant role in the European conquests of Native Americas, Australians, South Africa , and Pacific Islanders (92). When we started to domesticate animals, they had already been contaminated by epidemic diseases. For example, the measles virus is closely related to the virus that causes rinderpest.Rinderpest affects cud-chewing animals, but not humans, measles in turn doesn’t affect cattle. The similarity between the two viruses suggests that the rinderpest virus evolved into the measles virus so it could reach humans. (206) Similar cases have been found, tuberculosis and smallpox from cattle, the flu from pigs and ducks, pertussis from pigs and dogs, and Falciparum malaria. (207). In 1959, East Africa was contaminated with the O’nyong-nyong fever, it started from a virus of monkeys and spread to humans by mosquitos.The victim affected by this recovered quickly and became immune to the virus, helping the disease die out quickly. (208) There are some diseases that originated from animals diseases that have still not died out. The Lassa fever was first or iginated in 1969 in Nigeria, it was derived from rodents. The future for Lassa fever remains uncertain. The Lyme disease was first discovered in 1962 in the United States. It reaches humans by a spirochete that we get from the bite of ticks, this disease is carried by deer and mice.The future of Aids seems to be secure, it was derived from the monkey viruses and first seen around 1959. (208,209) There were diseases that were confined to human, such as typhus. At first typhus was transmitted by rats and rat fleas, that being sufficient for it to transmit to humans. Then typhus found a much more efficient way of traveling to directly to humans through lice. Americans have deloused themselves, hence, making typhus find a new way to reach humans. It started infecting flying squirrels, and flying squirrels transferred it to us.(209,210) Lethal microbes became very important to the European’s conquest and the destruction of the population in the New World. More Native American deat hs where cause by the Eurasian germs than battle wounds (210). Since Native Americans had never been exposed to these Eurasian germs, therefore making it hard for them to recuperate from the diseases. Indians ‘were not immune or didn’t have any genetic resistance to diseases like smallpox, measles, influenza, yellow fever, tuberculosis or malaria. (210-211).For example, when Hernando De Soto became the first European conquistador to go through the southeastern United States, in 1540, he found abandoned two years earlier because the people who lived there had died in epidemics. (211) Diseases lead to many wars and depopulation of many tribes. Many diseases that cause depopulation came from animal domestication evolved in order humans. These became some of the deadliest diseases (77), causing many to die, especially those who weren’t immune to them (210-11). Diseases played a very significant role in World History.